Saturday, September 19, 2009

Grid System & Golden Ratio 座標格線系統、黃金比例

勒.科布西耶(Le Corbusier, 1949)所提出的觀點:原則上,輔助線不是一個預先設定的規則,在一個特定的選擇他們,依據的是形體自身結構的需要,而這些結構是被事先闡明了,事先已經完全真實地存在了,各種輔助線僅僅只是在幾何的平衡意義上建立了順序與明晰的關係,以獲得平衡美感。各種平衡線沒有任何詩意與紓情的想法,他們不會激發作品的主題,也沒有創造性,而他們紮實的建立一個平衡關係,是一件靈活、單純和簡單的概念。

科布西耶是對的,在幾何構成本身並不引發新的概念和靈感,能夠提供創新思想的是一種構成過程,一種分析形體相互關係的手段,一種獲得視覺平衡的方法,而幾何構成是一種將各種元素,如: 座標格線系統、黃金比例等匯集成有系統的方法(Kimberly Elarn, 2001)。即使科布西耶寫到過幾何構成中的直覺感受,但伊拉姆的研究中認為,在設計和建築中的直覺是很少存在的,更多的是深思熟慮地應用知識經驗的結果。

人類首先注意到自然現象的形態與變化,如:太陽的回轉,月亮的盈虛,動植物之對稱,季節的變化與寒暖,古人由模擬、簡化與應用,產生了許多造形在我們的生活周遭,於是慢慢地發展成造形形式的原則。而這些原則就是反覆與漸層,對稱與均衡,比例與律動,調和與對比,統一與單純,等等形式的規範與秩序,為設計的準繩(魏思孝,1987)。

座標格線系統,又稱格率,彈性與秩序兼具的編排法門。格率通常用於分割版面以刊載資訊。其方法是以縱向與橫向輔助線組成的網格(grid)將整體畫面作分割,再將文字與圖像配置其中(矢野鈴著、柳曉陽譯,2008)。以格率為依歸,巧妙地運用設計準則,產生一種新的編排組合,來建立美的形式與秩序。

黃金比

古代建築家認為數學比例就是象徵神祕,所以在建築上特別重視視覺上的比例。比例是指在同一形中甲部份與乙部份之間的形式法則,比例是規定形態美中最具體的東西,它是大小、長度之間等所具備量化的關係。如:明信片長邊與短邊的比為三比五或五比八之比,即「長邊比短邊等於長短兩邊之和比長邊。」這是最基本與最重要的比例,就是黃金率或黃金分割。是美學上有名的定律,把它認為最美的比例而活用於視覺造形裡(魏思孝,1987)。

縱觀被記載的歷史,在人造環境中有文字記載人類對各種黃金分割的認知偏好。公元前20世紀到16世紀的史前巨石柱就記載了關於1:1.618比例的黃金矩形的運用,這世最早的證據之一。隨後,文藝復興時期的藝術家和建築家們也研究,記載著黃金分割運用於雕刻、繪畫和建築中外,還存在於自然界中,例如:人體的各種比例,以及動植物和昆蟲的各種成長方式(Kimberly Elarn, 2001)

伊拉姆認為黃金分割創造和諧的力量來自它獨特的能力,就是將各種不同部份結合成為一個整體,使每一個部份既保持它原有的特性,還能融合到更大的一個整體圖案中。因此,透過美學理論的量化,揭示各種視覺關係,這些關係是生命特性的基礎,它包含了比例、成長方式和過程,目的是設計過程中特過這些觀察方法,並通過視覺結構為設計提供視覺的一致性與美感。



Grid (page layout)

A typographic grid is a two-dimensional structure made up of a series of intersecting vertical and horizontal axes used to structure content. The grid serves as an armature on which a designer can organize text and images in a rational, easy to absorb manner. The less common printing term “reference grid,” is an unrelated system with roots in the early days of printing.

Web developers have only recently started to show a real interest in grid systems. It is hard to say why it has taken so many years for web developers to become interested in something that has been essential to the written medium in general since the 30s. The necessary technology (HTML and CSS) has been around for a while, but has only recently been applied to the implementation of grid-based layout systems for web pages.

Grids and templates are page layout design patterns used in advertising campaigns and multiple page publications, including websites.

· A grid is a set of guidelines, able to be seen in the design process and invisible to the end-user/audience, for aligning and repeating elements on a page. A page layout may or may not stay within those guidelines, depending on how much repetition or variety the design style in the series calls for. Grids are meant to be flexible. Using a grid to layout elements on the page may require just as much or more graphic design skill than that which was required to design the grid.

· In contrast, a template is more rigid. A template involves repeated elements mostly visible to the end-user/audience. Using a template to layout elements usually involves less graphic design skill than that which was required to design the template. Templates are used for minimal modification of background elements and frequent modification (or swapping) of foreground content.

Golden Ratio, Golden Section

In mathematics and the arts, two quantities are in the golden ratio if the ratio of the sum of the quantities to the larger one equals the ratio of the larger one to the smaller. The golden ratio is an irrational mathematical constant, approximately 1.6180339887. Other names frequently used for the golden ratio are the golden section (Latin: sectio aurea) and golden mean. Other terms encountered include extreme and mean ratio, medial section, divine proportion, divine section (Latin: sectio divina), golden proportion, golden cut, golden number, and mean of Phidias.

參考資料

中文部份

魏思孝(1987)。基本設計。台北,敦煌畫苑。

矢野鈴著、柳曉陽譯(2008)。設計的技術104。台北,如何出版社有限公司。

英文部份

Kimberly Elarn(2001), Geometry of Design: Studies in Proportion and Composition, Princeton Architectural Press.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_(typography)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_layout

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_ratio

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